A Resistor limits the flow of electric current in an electronic circuit.
A Capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field.
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An Inductor stores energy in the form of magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it.
Diode allows the flow of current only in one direction.
Transistor is used to amplify or switch the electrical signals & power.
To conclude
Electronic components are the fundamental building blocks for any electronic device. All these components make a long list that can be used in Robotics, IoT projects, etc.